DISCOVERY of Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes in Youth

Inclusion Criteria:

Screening will occur to enrich the yield of individuals who are highly predisposed to develop youth-onset T2D and include those with all of the following criteria:

• Overweight or obesity with BMI ≥85th percentile
• Age 8-13 year for girls, 9-15 year for boys (inclusion younger for girls as puberty tends to start a year earlier in girls)
• Tanner Stage 2, 3, or 4
• Elevated HbA1c 5.5-6.4%

Exclusion Criteria:

An individual who meets any of the following criteria will be excluded from participation:

• Diabetes based on history, or HbA1c ≥6.5% in the medical record or at screening
• Unable/unwilling to provide consent/participate fully
• Conditions predisposing to diabetes or altering the trajectory of puberty
• Medications affecting glucose dynamics during the screening and enrollment period
• Prior treatment with insulin
• Use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist or any weight loss medications in the 6 weeks prior to enrollment
• Planning treatment with glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist or any weight loss medications
• Use of metformin or any glucose lowering medication for a reason other than treatment of diabetes (e.g., for PCOS) in the 6 weeks prior to enrollment
• Planning treatment with metformin or any glucose lowering medication or planning to use such medications for a reason other than treatment of diabetes (e.g., for PCOS)
• Known syndromic/monogenic obesity
• Blood disorders impacting HbA1c (e.g., anemia, hemoglobin variants)
• Major systemic organ disease
• History of bariatric surgery or currently planning bariatric surgery
• Current pregnancy or currently planning pregnancy
• Use of GnRH agonist, estrogen, or testosterone
• Individuals who do not speak English or Spanish, given validation of the questionnaires to be utilized